Ecology and Epidemiology

Seedborne Cercospora beticola Can Initiate Cercospora Leaf Spot from Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris) Fruit Tissue

Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.

Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.

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Jonathan Neubauer

Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.

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Thies M. Heick

Institute for Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark

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Michael A. Grusak

Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.

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Olivia Hamilton

Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.

Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.

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Viviana Rivera-Varas

Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.

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Ronnie de Jonge

Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Sarah Pethybridge

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3864-4293

Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, U.S.A.

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Kimberley M. Webb

Soil Management and Sugar Beet Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A.

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Gerhard Leubner-Metzger

Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, U.K.

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Gary A. Secor

Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.

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, and

Melvin D. Bolton

^†Corresponding author: M. D. Bolton;

E-mail Address: melvin.bolton@usda.gov

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1197-2078

Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.

Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.

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Affiliations

Authors and Affiliations

Rebecca Spanner¹²
Jonathan Neubauer¹
Thies M. Heick³
Michael A. Grusak¹
Olivia Hamilton¹²
Viviana Rivera-Varas²
Ronnie de Jonge⁴
Sarah Pethybridge⁵
Kimberley M. Webb⁶
Gerhard Leubner-Metzger⁷
Gary A. Secor²
Melvin D. Bolton¹²^†

¹Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.
²Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.
³Institute for Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
⁴Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
⁵Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, U.S.A.
⁶Soil Management and Sugar Beet Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A.
⁷Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, U.K.

Published Online:6 Apr 2022https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-03-21-0113-R

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Abstract

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) is a globally important disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola. Long-distance movement of C. beticola has been indirectly evidenced in recent population genetic studies, suggesting potential dispersal via seed. Commercial sugar beet “seed” consists of the reproductive fruit (true seed surrounded by maternal pericarp tissue) coated in artificial pellet material. In this study, we confirmed the presence of viable C. beticola in sugar beet fruit for 10 of 37 tested seed lots. All isolates harbored the G143A mutation associated with quinone outside inhibitor resistance, and 32 of 38 isolates had reduced demethylation inhibitor sensitivity (EC₅₀ > 1 µg/ml). Planting of commercial sugar beet seed demonstrated the ability of seedborne inoculum to initiate CLS in sugar beet. C. beticola DNA was detected in DNA isolated from xylem sap, suggesting the vascular system is used to systemically colonize the host. We established nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region amplicon sequencing using the MinION platform to detect fungi in sugar beet fruit. Fungal sequences from 19 different genera were identified from 11 different sugar beet seed lots, but Fusarium, Alternaria, and Cercospora were consistently the three most dominant taxa, comprising an average of 93% relative read abundance over 11 seed lots. We also present evidence that C. beticola resides in the pericarp of sugar beet fruit rather than the true seed. The presence of seedborne inoculum should be considered when implementing integrated disease management strategies for CLS of sugar beet in the future.

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Vol. 112, No. 5
May 2022

ISSN:0031-949X
e-ISSN:1943-7684

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Caption

Typical symptom of Anthracocystis destruens-infected inflorescence on broomcorn millet known as blackfly (Wu et al.). Photo credit: Enguo Wu

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Article History

Issue Date: 26 Apr 2022
Published: 6 Apr 2022
First Look: 29 Nov 2021
Accepted: 19 Nov 2021

Pages: 1016-1028

Information

This article is in the public domain and not copyrightable. It may be freely reprinted with customary crediting of the source. The American Phytopathological Society, 2022.

Funding

USDA CRIS
Grant/Award Number: 3060-21000-044-00-D

Sugarbeet Research and Education Board of North Dakota and Minnesota

Beet Sugar Development Foundation

United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA)
Grant/Award Number: Hatch project NYG-625424

Keywords

The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

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